| Political Force | Meaning |
| Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes individual freedoms, democracy, and equality. Liberals advocated for limited government intervention in the economy, civil liberties, and the protection of property rights. They supported the idea of representative government, the rule of law, and the protection of personal freedoms. |
| Socialism | A political and economic system that advocates for collective or government ownership of the means of production and distribution of goods. Socialists believed in reducing inequality and promoting social welfare, and they supported the redistribution of wealth to ensure that all people had access to basic necessities like education, healthcare, and housing. |
| Nationalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the interests, culture, and identity of a particular nation or group of people. Nationalists believed in the right of people to form their own independent nation-states and often sought to promote national unity and sovereignty. Nationalism became a driving force for the unification of countries (e.g., Italy and Germany) and the independence of colonized nations. |
| Conservatism | A political ideology that seeks to preserve traditional institutions, values, and practices. Conservatives were often skeptical of rapid social or political change and emphasized the importance of stability, order, and continuity. They generally supported monarchy, aristocracy, and established religious institutions, though conservatism evolved in various directions over time. |
| Marxism | A theoretical framework and political movement based on the ideas of Karl Marx. Marxism critiques capitalism and advocates for a classless society where the working class (proletariat) would overthrow the capitalist class (bourgeoisie) and establish a socialist state. Over time, Marxist ideas influenced socialist and communist movements, which sought to establish governments based on collective ownership of resources and the elimination of class distinctions. |
These ideologies played a key role in shaping political movements and revolutions throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.
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NEW POLITICAL IDEAS IN THE 19TH CENTURY
Here is the rephrased version:
Directions: Select the best answer for each of the following questions.
- Which political ideology advocates for government control over business and regulation of wages and prices?
A. Liberalism
B. Socialism
C. Nationalism
D. Conservatism - In the 19th century, conservatives and liberals both supported monarchy, but they disagreed on which of the following?
A. The right to strike
B. Freedom of the press
C. National pride
D. Government control over business
1. Which political ideology advocates for government control over business and regulation of wages and prices?
B. Socialism ✅
Explanation: Socialism supports public or government ownership and regulation of key industries, aiming to reduce economic inequality through mechanisms like wage and price control.
2. In the 19th century, conservatives and liberals both supported monarchy, but they disagreed on which of the following?
B. Freedom of the press ✅
Explanation: Conservatives tended to favor strong monarchies and limited public expression, while liberals supported constitutional monarchy along with expanded civil liberties like freedom of the press.